

/7 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 






A 
SHORT HISTORY 



OF THE 



Wars of the United States ; 

INCLUDING 

THE INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS, 

THE INTER-COLONIAL WARS, 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 

WAR OF 1812, 

THE MEXICAN WAR, 

AND 

CIVIL WAR. 



PREPARED BY -^ -> v 

ASHBEL P. "fitch, Jr. 

1892. 



' PRESS, S2 LAFAYETTE PLACE, I 



Copyright, 1892. 

■ BY 

ASHBEL P. FITCH, Jr. 






I. COLONIAL AND INDIAN WARS. 



Pequod War. 



1637. 



CONNECTICUT. 

CAUSE. 

In the earlier part of 1636 the captain of a trading 
vessel was murdered by the Indians on Block Island. 
On hearing of this, Endicott, with a small torce of men 
went to Connecticut to avenge the injury. He laid 
waste a large section ot the Indians' country. This led 
to war, which was openly declared soon after. 

The next year the Pequod Indians endeavored to 
persuade the Narragansetts to unite with them in an 
attack upon the whites. But Roger Williams prevailed 
upon them riot to do so. An expedition under Capt. 
John Mason was sent out to attack the Pequods' strong- 
hold on the Mystic River. This they did at night, de- 
leating the Indians and burning their wigwams. The 
few Indians who remained were hunted down and 
killed. 

RESULT. 

The Pequod Tribe was utterly exterminated. 



II.— King Philip's War. 



1675=1676. 



CAUSES. 

Philip, king of the Wampanoags, the son ot nas= 

sasoit, had long viewed the settlements ot the whites 
with a jealous eye. The white men were increasing in 
number daily, and the Indians became alarmed lest the 
little land which they still retained should be taken 
from them. The older chiefs had sold the land to the 
English, and the price had been fairly paid ; but the 
new generation of warriors could not understand why 
the white man should occupy the land of their fathers. 



1675. 

Philip planned a confederation of the Indian tribes 
against the intruders. They commenced the war by 
attacking Swansea and killing several of its inhabitants. 
The Narragansetts, having been suspected of helping 
the hostile Indians, were attacked by the settlers and 
almost destroyed. 

1676. 

Philip was at last tracked to his hiding place and 
shot by a faithless Indian. 

RESULTS. 

The expenses of this war were half a million dollars. 
Thirteen towns and six hundred dwellings lay smoul- 
dering in ashes. Six hundred men had fallen \n the 
field. Hundreds of families had been butchered in 
cold blood. lUit the Indian race was swept out ol 
New England. 



n. INTER=COLONIAL WARS. 



I.— King William's War. 



[689=1697. 



CAUSE. 

France having declared war against England, their 
colonies in America took up the quarrel. The Cana= 
dian Indians aided the French while the Iroquois as- 
sited the English. 



1690. 

In January, a regiment of French and Indians left 
Montreal and directed their March to the South. A 
month later they arrived at Schenectady, New York. 
5ixty persons were massacred. The few who escaped 
fled to Albany. 

New England was now thoroughly aroused. A Colo- 
nial Congress was held at New York, which resolved 
to conquer Canada. Two expeditions were organized. 
The hrst under Phipps wis to attack Port Royal, Aca= 
dia. The second was a combined land and naval at- 
tack upon Canada. The former proved successful, 
the latter was a complete iailure. 



i697. 

The treaty of Ryswick, Holland, which ended the 
war, was signed in this year. 



RESULTS. 

The direct result was nothing, for, according to the 
treaty, each party held the territory that it had at the 
beginning of the war. The indirect results were two. 
(i) A heavy debt was contracted by the colonists. (2) 
Many of their towns and villages had been destroyed 
by the Indians. 

II.— Queen Anne's War. 



1702=1713. 



CAUSE. 

War having again been declared by England 
against France and Spain, hostilities commenced be- 
tween their colonies in America. 

The Indians made a treaty of neutrality at the begin- 
ning by which they promised not to take part in the 
fight ; but the French Jesuits persuaded them to vio- 
late this treaty. In midwinter the town of Deerfield, 
Mass., was destroyed, and the inhabitants were either 
tomahawked or cruelly compelled to w^alk through 
the snow to Canada. In Maine and New Hampshire 
similar barbarities were perpetrated. 



1710. 

A combined force of English and Colonial troops 
attacked Port Royal and captured it. Anotherexpedi- 
tion which sailed against Quebec ended disastrously. 

6 



I7I3. 

The treaty ot Utrecht, Holland, put an end to the 



RESULTS. 



According to the treaty, Acadia and the Newfound- 
land fisheries were given to England. The colonial 
debt was made larger. 



III.— King George's War. — (George II.; 



1744=1748. 



CAUSE. 



War having once more been declared between Eng= 
land and France, the quarrel was taken up by their 
colonies in the New World, 



1745. 

The only important event which occurred during this 
w^ar was the capture of Louisburg by the English. 
This fort was considered the key to Canada, and the 
French had spent a vast sum of money in building it, 

1748. 

Peace was restored by the treaty of Aix=Ia=Chapeile, 

a town of western Germany. 



RESULTS. 



Louisburg was given back to France. The bounda- 
ries between the French and English colonies were left 
unsettled. The European nations cared nothing tor 
the welfare of their distant provinces. 



IV.— French and Indian War. 



754=1763. 



CAUSE. 



Both England and France claimed the territory west 
ot the Alleghany Mountains, bordering on the Ohio 
River. The French had established over sixty military 
posts along the line of the St. Lawrence, the Great 
Lakes and the Mississippi. They seized English sur- 
veyors and broke up a British post on the fliami (me 
a me). They built three forts, one at Presque Isle 
(presk el), another called Fort le Boeuf (le but), at the 
present site ot Waterford, and a third called Fort Ve= 
nango. 

George Washington, then a young man of twenty- 
one, was sent to the commander of the French forces 
on the Ohio, to demand the cause of these hostile pro- 
ceedings. After a perilous journey he arrived at the 
French settlement, delivered the letter, and returned 
safely to Virginia. The French olificer, however, gave 
no satisfaction. 



1754. 

About a year previous to this, tlie Ohio Company 
had commenced to build a fort at the junction ol the 
Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, and on receiving- 
the French commander's reply, Dinwiddie, the Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, sent a force under Colonel Frye to 
occupy it. Before this could be done the French sent 
a body ol troops, who took possession of the place, fin- 
ished the fort, and called it Fort Duquesne. Washing= 
ton, who commanded the Virginian troops, hearing of 
this, halted at a place called Great Meadows, near which 
he attacked a small body ot French, and defeated them. 
Colonel Frye, having been killed, Washington assumed 
command. He built a rude stockade, which he called 
Fort Necessity, and collected his troops behind it. 
Here he was attacked by the French, and obliged to 
surrender. 

The five objective points of the war were: (i) Fort 
Duquesne, which protected the territory on the west ; 
(2) Louisburg and Acadia, which threatened New Eng- 
land and guarded the fisheries ; (3) Crown Point and 
Ticonderoga, which controlled the route to Canada ; 
(4) Niagara, which protected the fur trade of the Great 
Lakes and the West ; (5) Quebec, which was the key 
to the possessions of Canada. 



1755. 



The English attacked Acadia and captured it with- 
out difficulty. 

An expedition, commanded by General Braddock, 



Washington serving as aide, was sent against Fort 
Duquesne. Wlien within ten miles of the fort, he was 
suddenly attacked by a large party of Indians who 
were lying in ambush. A dreadful slaughter ensued. 
General Braddock was mortally wounded, and his men 
were compelled to retreat. Almost directly after this 
Gen. Shirley was sent against Niagara. But on. ar- 
riving at Oswego, and hearing of Braddock's defeat, he 
returned to Albany. 

Another expedition under General Johnson v/as sent 
to capture the forts on LakeChamplain, Crown Point and 
Fort Ticonderoga. The French, under Dieskau, were 
met near the head of Lake George. A batttle followed 
in which the English were victorious. Johnson built 
a fort near the battle field, which he named Fort Wil = 
Ham Henry. Late in the year the French, under Gen. 
Montcalm, captured Fort Oswego. 

A British squadron, with 3,000 troops, sailed from 
Boston and appeared in Acadia. More than 3,000 
of the inoffensive inhabitants were carried away and 
scattered, helpless, halt-starved and dying, among the 
Engli'-h colonies. The history of civilization furnishes 
no parallel to this wicked and wanton cruelty. Long- 
fellow's " Evangeline " deals with a tale of woe grow- 
ing out of this conquest. 



1757- 



After a siege of six days Fort William Henry sur- 
rendered to Montcalm. 



10 



1758. 
Qetieral Abercrombie, with 15,000 men, made an 
attempt to capture Fort Ticonderoga, but was repuls- 
ed with g-reat loss. Colonel Bradstreet captured Fort 
Frontenac on the St. Lawrence. Louisburg was cap- 
tured by Generals Amherst and Wolfe. A second 
expedition against Fort Duquesne was sent under 
<jen. Forbes, Washington commanding the colonial 
troops. They surprised the fort and captured it. 



1759. 
The plan of operations at the opening of this year 
was as follows : (i). Gen. Prideaux (prid-o) was to 
take Niagara ; (2) Ticonderoga was to be attacked by 
Amherst; and (3) Quebec by Wolfe. Fort Ticon= 
deroga was deserted by the French at the approach ot 
Gen. Amherst. Niagara was forced to surrender to 
Prideaux after a gallant defence. Gen. Wolfe, with 
a large fleet and 8,000 men, moved against Quebec. 
After a series ot attacks upon the city, which were un- 
successful, he resolved upon another plan. He landed 
his troops in the night about two miles above the city, 
and by climbing a steep path gained the Plains of 
Abraham. At daybreak Montcalm, discovering the 
British army drawn up in battle array, determined to 
risk a battle. Both armies fought with great bravery, 
but the Canadian militia were no match for the British 
regulars, and Montcalm was defeated. Wolfe was 
killed during the battle and Montcalm, having been 
mortally wounded, died soon after. Five days after 
this battle the city surrendered. This victory really 
decided the war. 

11 



1760. 
riontreal surrendered to Amherst, thus giving- 
England entire control over Canada. The war on the 

ocean continued for three years longer. 



1763. 
A treaty of peace was signed at Paris. 



RESULT. 
This concjuest of Canada by men oi the English race 
has been pronounced " the most prodigious event in the 
political annals of mankind." It was the turning point 
which decided whether the Western Hemisphere should 
be dominated by the institutions ot the Anglo-Saxon 
race, or by those of the French people. The Treaty of 
Paris gave nearly all the French possessions eastward 
of the Mississippi River to England. At the same time 
Spain ceded Florida to the English Crown. 



HI. REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

1775=1783. 



I. INDIRECT CAUSES. 

England had always treated the settlers as an infe- 
rior class of people. She wanted to keep them depend- 
ent. The first law which aroused the indignation of 
the colonists was the Navigation act (1660). This act 
compelled the American Farmer to send his products 

12 



across to England, and to buy all his products in 
British markets. No American manufactures were 
allowed. 



2. DIRECT CAUSES. 

An attempt was made to tax the colonies in order to 
raise money to pay the expenses of the recent French 
and Indian war. But the colonists, having no represen- 
tatives in Parliament, resisted this measure, declaring 
that Taxation without Representation is Tyranny. 
Their remonstrance was all to no effect. Parliament 
passed a law called the Stamp Act (1765). This was 
a tax on business papers, such as deeds, bonds, etc., and 
on all such printed matter as newspapers and almanacs. 

This measure created such excitement among the 
colonists that stamps were seized, and the agents were 
compelled to resign. Samuel Adams, John Adams 
and'Patrick Henry made stirring speeches against the 
injustice and folly of the measure. In fact, so great 
became the public sentiment against it, that it was fin- 
ally repealed ; but in the following year a duty was 
imposed upon tea, paper, glass and paint. Expecting 
resistance, troops were sent over to enforce the laws. 
An act known as the Munity act was passed, which 
ordered that the colonists should provide these soldiers 
with quarters and food. The evident attempt to en- 
slave the Americans awakened the liveliest solicitude 
on the part of the colonists. They did not like the idea 
ot being forced to yield to the arbitrary acts of Parlia- 
ment. Frequent disputes occurred between the sol- 

13 



diers and the inhabitants of Boston, and during one ot 
these quarrels three of the citizens were killed and sev- 
eral wounded. This was known as the Boston Mas= 
sacre. During 1771 the government, becoming alarm- 
ed at the turn events had taken, repealed the duties on 
glass, paper, etc., but retained a tax on tea. The col- 
onists resolved not to pay this unjust tax. At New 
York and Philadelphia the tea was not allowed to land. 
At Charleston it was stored in damp cellars, where it 
soon spoiled. At Boston a party of men dressed as In- 
dians boarded the vessels and threw the cargo ot tea 
overboard. Parliament, hearing of these proceedings, 
became highly indignant and ordered that the port of 
Boston should be closed. Gen. Gage was appointed 
governor ot Massachusetts. 

In September, 1774, the First Continental Congress 
met at Philadelphia. As yet few members had any 
idea of independence. They met simply to take suit- 
able measures to protect the rights and interests of the 
colonists. The Congress (i) protested against stand- 
ing armies being kept in the colonies without the con- 
sent of the people, and (2) agreed to hold no inter- 
course with England. 



1775. 
Gen. Gage, seeing the hostility and excitement ot 
the people, had fortified Boston Neck and seized mili- 
tary stores which the Americans had collected. The 
people, though greatly excited, had no desire to take 
uj) arms against their mother country unless such an 
action should i)rove unavoidable. Companies ot soldiers 

14 



termed " Minute Men " were formed. Gen. Gage, 
hearing that the Americans had collected a quantity of 
stores at Concord, sent out 800 regulars at night from 
Boston to destroy them. The alarm was given, and at 
daybreak some seventy or eighty minute men were as- 
sembled on the Green at Lexington ready to meet the 
British troops. When they arrived, Major Pitcairn, 
their commander, ordered the Americans to lay down 
their arms. The patriots did not immediately obey, 
and the regulars fired, killing eight men. At Concord 
the soldiers destroyed the stores. By this time the 
militia had collected in large numbers, and the British 
began to retreat. All the way on their march to Bos- 
ton their ranks were fired into by the minute men, who 
concealed themselves behind fences, stone walls, etc. 
At Lexington they were met by reinforcements which 
Gen. Gage had sent to their assistance. More than 
two hundred of them had been killed. 

Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, at the head of a 
small force of men, surprised Fort Ticonderoga and 
easily captured it. Crown Point was also captured. 
About this time the second Continental Congress met 
at Philadelphia and voted to raise 20,000 men. Wash= 
ington was appointed Commander-in-Chief. A con- 
siderable reinforcement of British troops having ar- 
rived in Boston under command of Generals Howe, 
Clinton and Burgoyne, an irregular army of New 
Englanders was sent to blockade that town. Gage, 
shut up as he was in Boston and unable to obtain sup- 
plies, resolved to occupy Bunker Hill. The Ameri- 
cans learning of this, resolved to anticipate him. Ac- 



cordingly at night, a detachment under Colonel Pres= 
cott, was sent to fortify Bunker Hill, but, by mistake, 
threw up breastworks on Breed's Hill. During the 
next afternoon (June 17,) Gen. Gage sent Howe with 
three thousand men to drive the Americans from their 
position. They made two attempts to reach the earth- 
works but were driven back each time with great 
slaughter. A third attempt proved successtul. The 
patriots had exhausted their ammunition and were 
obliged to retreat. The effect of this battle was 
that of a victory to the Americans. Their loss had 
been but 450, while the British had lost 1,000 men. 

Directly alter this battle Washington took command 
of tne army and proceeded to bring the militia under 
strict military discipline. Meanwhile he kept Gage 
penned up in Boston. An expedition against Canada, 
led by Gen. Montgomery and Colonel Arnold, ended 
in the death of Montgomery and the subsequent sur- 
render of Arnold. 



1776. 

In March of this year Washington sent a strong 
force to occupy and fortify Dorchester Heights. Gen= 
eral Howe thought it was now about time to leave; he 
accordingly set sail for Halifax with his army and many 
loyalists. The following day Washington entered the 
city amid great rejoicing. After leaving Boston part 
of the British army, under Sir Henry Clinton, sailed 
southward. Early in the summer the fleet arrived at 
Fort rioultrie, Charleston Harbor. On attacking the 
lort they were met with so heavy a fire that they were 

IC) 



glad to retire. Gen. Clinton tried to attack the fort 
from the rear, but was driven off. 

On the Fourth day of July, the Continental Congress 
adopted the " Declaration of Independence," thus for- 
mally separating the United Colonies from England. 

Gen. Howe, after evacuating Boston, went to Halifax 
and thence to New York, where he was reinforced by 
Admiral Howe, his brother. His total force amounted 
to some 30,000 men. Washington stationed his army, 
under Putnam, at Brooklyn. Howe appeared on Long 
Island, and (Aug. 27) attacked the defences in three 
divisions. The Americans fought bravely but to no 
purpose, as Clinton made a flank movement and at- 
tacked them in the rear. Over 1,000 men were lost. 
Matters would have been worse had Howe followed up 
his victory, but he delayed ; and Washington succeeded 
in drawing off his shattered forces to New York in the 
night. The British, crossing over to New York, moved 
to attack Washington, but he had previously retreated 
northward. At White Plains a partial engagement 
took place, but the Americans were unable to hold their 
ground. Soon after this Fort Washington was cap- 
tured with 2,000 Americans. Washing^ton was now 
obliged to retreat step by step across New Jersey into 
Pennsylvania, closely followed by the English under 
Cornwallis. Here he went into winter-quarters. Corn= 
wallis resolved to wait until the Delaware should freeze 
over, and then capture Philadelphia, meanwhile quar- 
tering his troops on the Jersey side of the river. Wash= 
ing^ton thought it time to strike a daring blow. Sud- 
denly, on Christmas night, he crossed the Delaware, 

17 



with 2,400 picked men, attacked the unsuspecting 
Hessians at Trenton, and took 1,000 prisoners. "That 
victory," writes Bancroft, "turned the shadow of death 
into the morning." 



1777. 



Early in January Washington crossed the Delaware 
and occupied Trenton. Cornwallis, with a strong force, 
moved to attack him. His tirst onset being repulsed, 
he decided to wait till morning. Washington perceiv- 
ing his danger, broke up his camp in the night, silently 
moved around the British, and fell upon the troops re- 
maining in Princeton, routing them before Cornwallis 
could arrive. 

Howe's object was to capture Philadelphia. Having 
remained all summer in New York, he suddenly em- 
barked 18,000 men and set sail for Chesapeake Bay. 
Washington, hearing of this, hurried South with 1 1,000 
men to meet him. The two armies met at Chad's Ford, 
on the Brandywine. A battle took place in which 
Washington was defeated, with a loss of 1,200 men. 
The British soon alter took Philadelphia and quartered 
their troops chiefly in Germantown. In October Wash= 
ington attacked the British at Germantown, but after 
a stubborn .fight, he was obliged to retreat. Washing= 
ton now retired to Valley Forge for the winter. 

While the British had been moving against Philadel- 
phia another expedition, under General Burgoyne, was 
sent from Canada to invade New York by way of 
Lake Champlain. Fort Ticonderoga was easily cap- 

18 



tured, and Burgoyne advanced to Fort Edward. On 
arriving "there he found himself in want of supplies. He 
therefore sent Colonel Baum to seize the stores which 
the Americans had collected at Bennington. Qen. 
Stark, with the militia, met him there and defeated him. 
Burgoyne's attempt to take Fort Schuyler, on the Mo- 
hawk, met with no better success. In September, the 
Americans, under Gates, made an attack on Bur= 
goyne's army at Bemis Heights, near Stillwater. 
The battle was long and severe but Burgoyne succeeded 
in maintaining his ground. The armies confronted each 
other for two weeks, when Burgoyne, finding that he 
must either fight or surrender, hazarded a battle. After 
the most determined efforts the British were compelled 
to fall back. Ten days after the battle Burgoyne sur= 
rendered and his whole army became prisoners (Oct. 
17). Among the captives v»ere six members of the Brit- 
ish Parliament. 



1778. 

Washington, we remember, went into winter quar- 
ters at Valley Forge. This winter (ot 1777-78) was the 
darkest period of the Revolution. Many of the soldiers 
were without shoes, and many had barely enough cloth- 
ing to keep themselves from freezing to death. In the 
Spring, news arrived that, through the efforts of Ben= 
jamin Franklin, France had acknowledged the lnde= 
pendence of the United States and had agreed to 
furnish them with assistance in their war with England. 
A French fleet was sent out to help the Americans. 

19 



Sir Henry Clinton, who had succeeded Howe in com- 
mand of the British forces, was afraid that the French 
might blockade the Delaware and thus keep him shut 
up in Philadelphia. He therefore left that city, and 
retreated through New Jersey to New York, closely fol- 
lowed by Washington's army. Clinton was overtaken 
by Washington at flonmouth, where a severe battle 
was fought. The Americans gained a partial victory, 
the British retreating under cover of night to New 
York. An attack on Newport by the French fleet un- 
der D'Estaing, and the American army under Sullivan, 
was unsuccessful. In the latter part of this year the 
British captured Savannah, in Georgia. 



1779. 

The first important event ot this year was the cap- 
ture of Stony Point by Gen. Wayne. The fort was 
taken by surprise, and after a slight resistance the 
British garrison were made prisoners. In September, 
Paul Jones, an American naval officer in command ot 
three ships of war, captured two heavily-armed PInglish 
frigates off the coast of Scotland. Soon after, an 
attempt was made by the Americans and French under 
Lincoln and D'Estaing to capture Savannah, but it 
proved a failure. 



1780. 

After a long siege by the British, Gen. Lincoln was 
forced to surrender Charleston. Gen. Gates was 

placed in command of the troops at the South. Clinton 

20 



returned to New York, leaving Cornwallis in command 
of the British army. Gates met Cornwallis at Camden 

South Carohna, and sustained a terrible defeat. 

The principal feature of the year was the treason of 
Benedict Arnold. He had been appointed commander 
at Philadelphia. But he lived in great luxury and soon 
accumulated tremendous debts. Having been charged 
with embezzling the public funds he was sentenced to 
be reprimanded by Washington. Arnold felt this dis- 
grace very keenly and resolved to obtain revenge. He re- 
ceived command of West Point and secretly offered to 
surrender it to the British in return for a sufficient re- 
ward. Major Andre was appointed by the British to 
arrange the details. On his way to New York this 
officer was captured, and the whole scheme was thus 
laid bare. Arnold succeeded in escaping but Andre was 
hung as a spy. 



1781. 

Gen. Greene was appointed to succeed Gates at the 
South. A part ot Green's force under Morgan defeated 
a British detachment at Cowpens, South Carolina. 
Greene now joined Morgan and conducted a skillful re- 
treat for two hundred miles across North Carolina, to 
the border of Virginia, closely followed by Cornwallis. 
On the American's arrival at the fords of the Dan the 
British general gave up the pursuit, and moved slowly 
south. Greene, being reinforced, recrossed the Dan 
and advanced to Guilford Court House, N. C. There 
he was attacked by Cornwallis and forced to retreat. 

21 



Greene now turned his attention to South Carolina, and 
with the aid of flarion, Sumter, Lee and Pickens al- 
most delivered this State and Georgia from the English. 
In a battle at Eutaw Springs the Americans defeated 
the English. Cornwallis, instead of following Greene 
into South Carolina, went north into Virginia and took 
up quarters at Yorktown. Washington, who had been 
hovering about New York for some time, marched 
suddenly to the southward, in company with the French 
under Rochambeau and laid siege to Yorktown. A 
powerful French fleet blocked the Chesapeake. After 
a short siege Cornwallis, seeing no means of escape, 
surrendered his army. Seven thousand soldiers and eight 
hundred sailors became prisoners of war. This event 
may be considered as the termination of the American 
struggle for independence (Oct. 19). 



1782. 
Charleston was not evacuated until this year. 



1783. 
Savannah was evacuated by the British. In the tall 
a treaty of peace was signed at Paris acknowledging 
the independence of the United States. Shortly after- 
ward the British evacuated New York (Nov. 25). 

RESULTS. 

Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the 

United States, agreed upon the Great Lakes as the 
boundary on the north, and conceded the right to fish 



on the banks of Newfoundland. On the other hand, a 
debt of $38,000,000 had been contracted, our com= 
merce had been ruined, our agriculture and manufac- 
tures had been neglected, and a great deal of property- 
had been destroyed. The currency had been so re- 
duced in value as to be almost worthless. The Qov= 
ernment could obtain no credit. There was no money 
to pay the army. 



IV. WAR OF 1812 



1812=1814. 



CAUSES. 



For a number of years England had oppressed 
American commerce. American seamen had been 
seized by English officers and forced into the British 
navy under the pretence that they were deserters. An 
English war vessel, the Little Belt, was hailed by the 
irigate President. She received a cannon shot in re- 
ply. The fire was returned, and the Little Belt was 
soon disabled. These injustices were no longer to be 
borne, and in June, 1812, war was formally declared 
against England. 



1812. 

Gen. Hull was sent to invade Canada. He crossed 
over the lines, but after some operations of little im- 

23 



portance he returned and took post at Detroit. Here 
he was besieged by (ien. Brock, and he surrendered 
the place without even risking a battle. To counter- 
balance this disgrace a victory was gained by the 
Americans on the ocean. The British frigate (Juer= 
Here was captured, after a fierce fight, by the Ameri- 
can Frigate Constitution. Late in the summer an at- 
tempt was made by the Americans to capture Queens= 
town Heights, which, however, proved unsuccessful. 
About this time the English brig Frolic was defeated 
by the sloop-of-war Wasp. 



1813. 



Three armies were formed, (i) The Army of the 
West under General Harrison, near the head of Lake 
Erie. (2) The Army of the Centre, under Gen. 
Dearborn, on the Niagara frontier. (3) The Army 
of the North, near Lake Champlain. 

The Armies of the North and Centre did but little. 
(ien. Dearborn captured York, however. Gen. Har= 
rison was defeated at Frenchtown. In the battle of 
Lake Erie, fought in September, Commodore Perry 
distinguished himself by defeating an English fleet 
after a desperate fight. This naval victory was fol- 
lowed by an equally important one on the land. Gen. 
Harrison defeated General Proctor near the River 
Thames, thus relieving Michigan from the control of 
the English. The American frigate Chesapeake was 
captured by the Shannon. 

24 



i8i4. 

An American force, under General Brown, invaded 
Canada near the Niagara frontier. They were attacked 
at Lundy's Lane where they defeated the British after 
an obstinate battle. General Ross marched to Wash= 
ington and completely destroyed the capitol by burn- 
ing it. Prevost, the British commander, attempted to 
capture Plattsburg. But on being attacked by Mc= 
Donough, who commanded the American fleet on Lake 
Champlain, he was defeated. 

In the latter part ot December the Treaty of Ghent 
was signed, thus ending a long and bitter struggle, 
which gained as little for the Americans as it did for 
their opponents, the English. 



1815. 

Before the news of the treaty had reached this coun- 
try, a fierce and bloody battle occurred between the 
English and American forces at New Orleans. The 
Americans under Jackson defeated twelve thousand 
English troops under Packenham. 



• RESULTS. 

The direct result of this war was nothing, as the 

subject of impressment was not touched upon in the 
treaty. The indirect evil results were: (i) The 
national debt was a hundred million dollars ; (2) Trade 
was ruined and commerce gone. On the other hand, the 
good results were that : (i) It built up the manufactur- 
ing industries ot the nation ; (2) America had gained 
European respect. 



V. MEXICAN WAR. 



1846=1847. 



CAUSE. 



1. In July, 1845, a bill was passed for the annexation 
of Texas. Texas had been one of the States of the 
Republic ot Mexico, but had gained her independence 
some years before. Mexico claimed the Nueces River 
as the boundary of Texas, while the United States held 
that the Rio Grande River was the true border. As 
soon as the annexation bill was adopted the Mexican 
Minister at Washington demanded his passports, and 
left the country. 

2. American citizens had been robbed of a great deal 
of property by the Mexican government. As one Mex- 
ican government was quickly overthrown by another, it 
was next to impossible for the United States to collect 
debts due to our citizens. 



1846. 



The American army was divided into three sections : 
(i) General Taylor's Army; (2) Gen. Kearney's Army; 
(3) Gen. Scott's Army. 

26 



I. Gen. Taylor's Army. 

Gen. Taylor was sent to occupy the disputed terri- 
tory. With a force much inferior to that of the Mexi- 
cans, he fought and won the battle of Palo Alto, and 
soon after attacked and defeated the Mexicans in a strong- 
position at Resaca de la Palma. His next step was an 
attempt to capture flonterey, which proved successful 
after a grand assault upon the city. 



1847. 
Santa Anna, the Mexican general, learning that the 
greater part of Taylor's army had been sent to aid Gen. 
Scott, determined to crush the remainder. A desperate 
battle took place between the two armies at Buena 
Vista, in which Santa Anna was defeated and obliged 
to retreat. 



2.— Qen. Scott's Army. 

An expedition was sent out under Qen. Scott to cap- 
ture the Mexican capital. Scott landed his army near 
the city ot Vera Cruz. After a siege of about two 
weeks the city surrendered. Marching into the in- 
terior, Gen. Scott met Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo 
and routed his army. After defeating the Mexicans in 
many minor engagements, Scott attacked the fortress 
of Chapultepec and carried it by storm. The city 
of Mexico was attacked at the 'same time, and the 
next day it was evacuated by the Mexicans, and Gen. 
Scott took possession. 

27 



3 — Gen. Kearney's Army. 
Gen. Kearney was sent to capture the Mexican 
provinces of New flexico and California. He fought 
many battles with the Mexicans, always coming out 
victorious. He succeeded, with the help of Captain 
Fremont, in capturing the entire territory. 



RESULTi 



A treaty was signed in February, 1848, by which 
New riexico and Upper California became United 
States' territory. Our government, however, agreed 
to pay Mexico fifteen million dollars and to discharge 
the claims of our citizens against that country. This 
annexation opened to us the trade of the Pacific 
and added vast mineral riches, immense cattle-raising 
interests, with innumerable other sources of wealth. 



VI. CIVIL WAR 



1861=1865. 



CAUSES. 

The direct cause of the War of the Rebellion was the 
attempt of the South to secede from the Union. The 
cause of the attempted secession was the quarrel about 
the extension of slavery. The South, from the time of 
Calhoun, were firm believers in the doctrine of States 
Rights, or that a State could withdraw from the Union 



whenever it liked. The Kansas= Nebraska bill, which 
directly violated the Missouri Compromise, was one of the 
most important indirect causes of the War. The Dred 
Scott decision rendered by the Supreme Court through 
Chief Justice Taney, declaring the slave to be merely 
a piece of personal property, removable to any part of 
the United States, produced intense excitement. The 
Fugitive Slave Law was almost more than the people 
of the North could bear ; to be made Slave Catchers for 
the Southerners was too much. Instead of returning the 
run-away slaves to their masters, they did all in their 
power to help them escape. About this time (1859), 
when the country was in a continual state of excitement, 
a man by the name of John Brown attempted to jeize 
the U. S. Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, which he .<'ic- 
ceeded in doing, but he was soon overpowered by the 
Government troops, and hung as a traitor. The election 
of i860 was very exciting. The Democratic party di- 
vided and nominated two candidates, Stephen A. Doug= 
las, who was in favor of squatter sovereignty, and 
John C. Breckenridge, who claimed that slavery could 
be carried into any territory. The Republicans nom- 
inated Abraham Lincoln, who believed that while 
-slavery should be protected where it was, it ought not 
to be carried into free territory. The South had threat- 
.ened to secede if Lincoln became President. He was 
elected. The South now thought it was about time to 
secede and carry out their threat. South Carolina was 
the first to attempt to leave the Union and was followed, 
50on after, by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
Louisiana and Texas. 

29 



i86i. 

The first important event of the year was the meeting 
of delegates from the seceded States at Montgomery, 
Ala., who formed a government called the " Confeder= 
ate States of America." Jefferson Davis, of Missis- 
sippi, was elected president, and Alexander H. Stevens, 
vice-president. At the outbreak of the Rebellion the 
North had no intention of abolishing slavery altogether, 
but, as we have already seen, of merely preventing it 
from spreading any further than it was. flajor Ander= 
son, who had been stationed in Fort floultrie, fearing 
an attack, crossed over to Fort Sumier. Upon the at- 
tempt of the Government to send him supplies the Con- 
federate batteries, under General Beauregard, opened 
fire upon the fort. After a bombardment of thirty-four 
hours Major Anderson was obliged to surrender. No 
one was killed in this engagement. Directly after this 
surrender Lincoln issued a demand for 75,000 troops. 
More than 300,000 responded. In the South the mili- 
tary enthusiasm was equally ardent. Troops from the 
South were rapidly pushing into Virginia, and threat- 
ened Washington. On its way to Washington the 
Sixth Massachusetts Regiment was attacked by riot- 
ers in Baltimore, and four of the soldiers were killed. 
This was the first bloodshed in the Civil War. The 
National troops stationed at Washington succeeded in 
seizing Arlington Heights and Alexandria, thus pro- 
tecting Washington from any immediate attack. This 
was followed by numerous smaller victories at Philippi, 
Rich Mountain, Carrick's Ford and Carnifex Ferry, 
thus leaving the western part of Virginia (now the State 

30 



of West Virginia) in possession of the North. Toward 
the end of July the Army of the Potomac, under com- 
mand of General Irvin flcDowell, moved to attack the 
main body of the Confederates under Beauregard at 
Bull Run. After a sharp conflict they drove the 
enemy trom the field. But the Confederates, on 
being rallied, charged upon the Union men with such 
fury that, upon the arrival of Generals Smith and 
Early, who attacked the Federals in the rear, McDow- 
ell's men fled. The result of this battle was a complete 
defeat. Soon after this General flcClellan was ap- 
pointed commander of the Army of the Potomac. 

flissouri did not join the Southern States in their 
secession from the Union. The State was largely 
Union, but the Governor, Jackson, attempted to pre- 
serve at least an armed neutrality. This attempt was 
foiled, however, by Capt. Lyon, who broke up Fort 
Jackson and saved the U. S. Arsenal at St. Louis. 
General Sigel having been defeated at Carthage, Lyon 
attacked Generals ricCulloch and Price at Wilson's 
Creek, where he was killed and his men were defeated. 

All the Southern ports had been blockaded by the 
North. 



1862. 

The three main objects on the part of the North at 
the beginning of this year were: (i) the opening of 
the flississippi; (2) the blockade of the Southern 
ports ; and (3) the capture of Richmond. 

General Grant with his army and Commodore Foote 
with his gunboats, moved against Fort Henry, which 

31 



surrendered after a bombardment from the gunboats 
lasting an hour. General Grant was to cut off the re- 
treat, but the enemy escaped to Fort Donelson. Here 
Commodore Foote s fleet was repulsed by the tire from 
the fort, (irant, with 30,000 men, defeated the Con- 
federates in an attempt to escape, and the fort was sur- 
rendered w^ith 15,000 men. The Confederates fell 
back to Corinth, where they collected their forces un- 
der command of Generals A. S. Johnston and Beaure= 
gard. The Union army ascended the Tennessee to 
Pittsburg Landing, Grant was placed in command 
and Buell was ordered to reinforce him. The Con- 
federates determined to route Grant's army before the 
arrival of Buell. They attacked the Union army at 
Shiloh, but after a desperate battle were repulsed with 
the loss of their commander, Gen. A. S. Johnston. 
They took, however, three thousand Union prisoners 
and immense stores. The next day, on the arrival of 
Buell, the Confederate army retreated to Corinth. The 
Confederates retreating from Columbus fell back to 
Island No. 10. Admiral Foote bombarded them for 
more than three weeks. General Pope crossed the 
river and succeeded in capturing the fortifications and 
garrison, seven thousand strong. 

Captain Farragut, with a deet ot over forty vessels 
carrying a land force under General Butler, attempted 
to capture New Orleans, which he succeeded in doing 
after a bombardment of six days. 

The Merrimac, a Confederate iron-clad, after having 
sunk two Federal war ships (the Cumberland and Con- 
gress) was attacked by the Honitor, in Hampton 



Roads. A fierce naval battle ensued, and the Merri= 
mac was compelled to return to Norfolk. 

Shortly after this General Joseph E. Johnston, com- 
manding the Confederate army, was attacked by Gen= 
eral Hooker at Williamsburg and was obliged to re- 
treat ; he was pursued to within seven miles of Rich- 
mond. A battle took place at Fair Oaks between 
Union and Confederates, the latter under General Jo= 
seph E. Johnston. After two days ot fighting General 
Johnston was wounded and his men were defeated. 
The Union army was now almost within sight of Rich- 
mond, the capital of the Confederacy, but they were 
checked in their onward march by General Robert E. 
Lee, who had just been appointed commander of the 
Confederate army. In nearly all the Seven=Days' 
Battles the Federals were defeated while slowly re- 
treating. The last stand was made at Malvern Hill, 
where they succeeded in driving back the enemy and 
retiring undisturbed to Harrison's Landing. About a 
month after this General Pope attacked the Confederate 
forces under Jackson at the old battlefield of Bull Run. 
After a sharp conflict he was obliged to retreat. Mc- 
Clellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac, 
followed Lee into Maryland. The two forces met at 
Antietam and the Confederates were at length obliged 
to retreat. Burnside, who had been put in flcClellan's 
place, attempted to take Fredericksburg by storm, 
which attempt proved fruitless. The Union loss in 
this battle was over 12,000. 

Late in the year an attempt was made by Grant and 
Sherman to capture Vicksburg, but this was unsuc- 

83 



cessful. The last important event of the year was the 
Battle of Murfreesboro. Gen. Rosecranz, com- 
mander of the Federals, attacked Bragg, who, with a 
heavy column, moved north. The enemy was driven 
back lour times with great slaughter. About one- 
fourth of those engaged were killed. 



1863. 

It was at the opening of this year that Lincoln 
issued his famous Emancipation Proclamation. Grant 

made another attempt to capture Vicksburg, which he 
succeeded in doing after fighting numerous smaller 
battles and besieging the city for forty-seven days. 
With Vicksburg he captured more than 37,000 prison- 
ers, comprising General Pemberton's army. 

General Hooker had taken General Burnside's place 
after his (General Burnside's) defeat at Fredericksburg. 

Lee, having but sixty thousand soldiers under his 
command, General Hooker saw a favorable opportu- 
nity for an attack, which was accordingly made. After 
considerable fighting between the two forces at Chan= 
cellorsville, the Union army was driven back to its old 
camping ground opposite Fredericksburg. The famous 
Confederate General and leader, "Stonewall " Jackson, 
was killed in this engagement. Lee, flushed by his suc- 
cess, planned an invasion of the North. Accordingly, 
with an army of picked men, carefully equij)ped, and 
confident of success, he moved rapidly down the Shen- 
andoah, fleade, who was stationed near Gettysburg, 
prepared to stop his advance. The Federals and Con- 
federates met unexpectedly on the Chambersburg road, 

34 



and the fight began. The battle lasted during the first 
three days of July, and when at last the Confederates 
were driven back and compelled to retreat, Lee's army 
was irreparably crippled. 

In June, General Rosecrans moved with sixty thou- 
sand men against Bragg, and compelled him to evacuate 
Chattanooga. He pushed on in pursuit of Bragg, 
whom he supposed to be in full retreat. But Bragg, 
having been reinforced, turned suddenly, and the two 
armies met on the Chickamauga in September. A 
battle ensued in which the Federals were defeated and 
obliged to withdraw to Chattanooga. Reinforcements 
began to arrive under Grant, Hooker and Sherman. 
Late in November the Union army attacked the fortifi- 
cations on Lookout Mountain near Chattanooga, and 
after two days of heavy fighting drove the Confederates 
from the field. 



1864. 

On the 9th day of February, Grant received his com- 
mission as Lieutenant=General ot the army. Hereto- 
fore the army had been divided into nineteen separate 
commands. Grant organized all these into one army, 
with a front extending for a thousand miles from the 
Atlantic to the Mississippi. The army before Rich- 
mond was the centre and Grant's headquarters ; all the 
Iprces west of this were the right wing; the Army ot 
the James, under Butler, was the left wing. 

Tne strength of the South lay in the armies of Lee 
and Joseph E. Johnston. Grant was to attack the 
former, Sherman the latter. 

35 



The Union army under General Grant after crossing 
the Rapidan plunged into the Wilderness, where it 
was suddenly attacked by the Confederates. A terrd^le 
battle followed. Neither side conquered. A day or 
two alter this the two armies met again at Spottsyl= 
vania. A battle took place, but neither side achieved 
anything. Another engagement took place at Cold 
Harbor, where the Union troops were beaten back 
with great slaughter. Grant fell upon the works at 
Petersburg, but did not succeed in capturing them. 
The campaign now resolved itself into a siege of Rich= 
mond with Petersburg as an advance post. 

A very important naval engagement occurred off 
Cherbourg, France, between .he celebrated Confeder- 
ate warship Alabama and the U. S. ship-of-war Kear= 
sarge. After a spirited engagement the Kearsarge 
succeeded in sinking the Alabama, 

In the Spring of this year Sherman started on his 
celebrated march to the sea. With 100,000 men he 
moved against Johnston, stationed at Dalton, Ga. 
Alter many battles were fought Johnston retired to 
Atlanta. A few months afterward General Sherman 
compelled the Confederates to evacuate the city. He 
now swept through the State of Georgia to Savannah, 
destroying ail the food and provender over a region 
three hundred miles long and fifty broad. 

Late in the year two important naval expeditions 
were made, one against flobile and another against 
Fort Fisher. The former, under Farragut, wassuccess- 
tul, the latter, under Butler, failed. 

Sheridan, who had been put in command of all the 



troops in the region of the Shenandoah, deteated 
General Early at Winchester and Fisher's Hill and 

destroyed half his army. Early, being reinforced, 
attacked Sheridan's army at Cedar Creek during his 
absence. The army retreated in great confusion, but 
Sheridan arrived at this critical moment, and, retorming 
his ranks, drove back the enemy with great slaughter. 
The last event of the year was the battle of Nashville, 
in wdiich General Thomas completely routed the Con- 
federates. 



1865. 



In January Commodore Porter made a second at- 
tack on Fort Fisher and carried it by storm. The 
blockade of the ports was now complete, and goods im- 
ported into the Confederate States cost fabulous prices. 

On the first of February, Sherman left Savannah 
and marched north along the seaboard. All the forts 
in his front were evacuated as he approached, and in 
April he received the surrender of Johnston's army 
of 31,000 men. He arrived at length ai City Point, 
where he met Grant. 

Lee's position was gettmg desperate, hemmed up as 
he was in Richmond. He made an attack upon Fort 
Steadman, which, however, proved disastrous. Gen- 
eral Grant now advanced upon Lee from the front, and 
General Sheridan with his cavalry attacked his (General 
Lee's) rear. A desperate battle ensued, resulting in the 
capture of Richmond. Lee retreated that night, and 
the next morning the Stars and Stripes waved over the 

37 



Confederate capital. Soon after General Lee sur= 
rendered to Grant near Appomattox Court House. 

This ended the war. The Confederate States 6t 
America were no more. 

In the midst of these rejoicings, an event occurred 
which turned the Nation's joy to grief. President 
Lincoln had been assassinated while seated in his box 
at Ford's Theatre. The murderer, John Wilkes Booth, 
was shot by one of the soldiers who attempted to cap- 
ture him. The funeral of Lincoln took place on the 
19th of April. Henry Ward Beecher said, in a dis- 
course delivered shortly after Lincoln's death : " And 
now the martyr is moving in triumphal march, 
mightier than when alive. The Nation rises up at 
every stage of his coming. Cities and States are his 
pall-bearers, and the cannon speaks the hours with 
solemn progression." 



RESULTS. 



The principal results of the War of the Rebellion 
were : (i) It became an established fact that the Union 
could not be dissolved ; (2) slavery was completely 
abolished in every part of the L^nited States ; (3) the 
negro became an American citizen, and received the 
privilege of voting. 

On the other hand more than 279,000 Union soldiers 
had been sacrificed for the country's preservation Ot 
these more than 61,000 were killed in battle, above 
34,000 died of their wounds, while over 183,000 died of 
disease. The Confederate losses amounted to nearly 

:38 



T34.000 men. Thus this bloody political strife cost 
the nation the lives of almost 464,000 of her sons. A 
national debt of $2,844,000,000 had been incurred. 
The South, which had been the scene of so many terrific 
struggles, was literally a land of desolation. Her cities 
and villages had been burned, her railroads destroyed, 
her plantations laid waste and all her business and 
social institutions broken up. 

But for the South as well as tor the whole country a 
new career of national prosperity was opened by the 
results of the war. The soldiers all went quietly back 
to peaceful occupations. The new feeling of patriotism 
and national pride which was felt is best expressed in 
the lines of Lowell, written in his "Commemoration 
Ode " at the close of the war : 

"Be proud ! for she is saved, and all have helped to save 

her! 
She that lifts up the manhood of the poor ; 
She of the open soul and open door, 
With room about her hearth for all mankind ! 
The fire is dreadful in her eyes no more ; 
From her bold front the helm she doth unbind, 
Sends all her handmaid armies back to spin, 
And bids her navies, that so lately hurled 
Their crashing battle, hold their thunders in, 
Swimming like birds of calm along the unharmful shore. 
No challenge sends she to the elder world, 
That looked askance and hated ; a light scorn 
Plays o'er her mouth, as round her mighty knees 
She calls her children back, and waits the morn 
Of nobler day, enthroned between her subject seas."' 



89 



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43 



A 
SHORT HISTORY 



OF THE 



Wars of the United States; 

INCLUDING 

THE INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS, 

THE INTER-COLONIAL WARS, 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 

WAR OF 1812, 

THE MEXICAN WAR, 

AND 

CIVIL WAR. 



PREPARED BY 

ASHBEL P. FITCH, Jr 

1892. 



Tittfiliilflliiliiiiiiii • 



LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 



■ 



011 527 516 1 




